“Si mañana soy yo, si mañana no vuelvo, destrúyelo todo”.: Emociones y género en mujeres activistas en México

Tommaso Gravante; Alice Poma

doi:10.53897/RevGenEr.2024.03.03

Authors

Tommaso Gravante National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1168-931X
Alice Poma National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-6893

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53897/RevGenEr.2024.03.03

Keywords:

emotions, feeling rules, emotion work, feminist activism, emotional culture

Abstract

The aim of the article is to analyze how Mexican women activists’ emotions are constructed by gender and sociocultural context. The theory of action applied in this paper is based on understanding emotions as sociocultural constructs (Hochschild, 1979, 1983) and on applying different typologies that have proven very useful when analyzing the various emotions that activists come to feel (Jasper, 2018). Along the article, we will discuss how Mexican female activists shape their moral emotion, such as fear, pain and anger, and some emotion work strategies used by women activists to manage these emotions; showing how these emotions interact with affective commitments, such as love, sisterhood, and trust. We will conclude discussing some patterns we are observing in the change in the emotional culture of the new generation of activists which are breaking some gender feeling rule.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Tommaso Gravante, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

Italian. D. in Political Science from the "Pablo de Olavide" University of Seville. Olavide" University of Seville. Researcher at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Sciences and Humanities of the National and Humanities of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Lines of research: emotions and social movements. social movements.

E-mail: gravante@ceiich.unam.mx

Alice Poma, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

Italian. D. in Social Sciences and Environment from the University "Pablo de Olavide" of Seville. "Pablo de Olavide" University of Seville. Researcher at the Instituto de Social Research Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). (UNAM). Research interests: emotions and social movements.

E-mail: apoma@sociales.unam.mx

References

Albrecht, G. (2019). Earth Emotions: New Words for a New World. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.

Arteaga, N. (2010). “Por eso la maté”. Una aproximación sociocultural a la violencia contra las mujeres. Miguel Porrúa Editor.

Bayard De Volo, L. (2006). The Dynamics of Emotion and Activism: Grief, Gender, and Collective Identity en Revolutionary Nicaragua. Mobilization, 11(4), 461-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.11.4.q21r3432561l21t7

Feldman, L. (2017). How emotions are made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Flam, H. (1998). Mosaic of fear: Poland and East Germany before 1989. Columbia University Press.

Flam, H. (2005). “Emotion’s map: a research agenda”. En H. Flam & D. King (Ed.), Emotions and social movement (pp. 19-40). Routledge.

Gamson, W. (1992). Talking Politics. Cambridge University Press.

González, A.M. (2012). Emotional Culture and the Role of Emotions in Cultural Analysis. En A. M. González (Ed.), The Emotions and Cultural Analysis (pp. 1–18). Routledge.

Goodwin, J. y Pfaff, S. (2001). Emotion work in highrisk social movements: managing fear in the U.S. and East German civil rights movements. En J. Goodwin, J. M. Jasper y F. Polletta (Ed.), Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements (pp. 282-302). University of Chicago Press.

Gordon, S. L. (1990). Social Structural Effects on Emotions. En Kemper T.D. (Ed.), Research Agendas in the Sociology of Emotions (pp. 180-203). SUNY Press.

Gould, D. (2009). Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT UP’s Fight Against AIDS. University of Chicago Press.

Gravante, T. (2018). Desaparición forzada y trauma cultural en México: el movimiento de Ayotzinapa. Convergencia Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 77, 13-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29101/crcs.v25i77.9728

Gravante, T. (2020). Forced Disappearance as a Collective Cultural Trauma in the Ayo-tzinapa Movement. Latin American Perspectives, 47(6), 87-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X20951773

Gravante, T. y Poma, A. (2015). Autogestión y lucha por la defensa del territorio. Un análisis de la experiencia de tres colectivos en la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara incorporando la dimensión emocional. WATERLAT-GOBACIT Network Working Papers, 2, (18), 19-38. Waterat Globacit.

Gravante, T. y Poma, A. (2016). Incorporando la dimensión emocional para comprender la protesta. Un análisis de la participación en la marcha en solidaridad con Ayotzinapa del 26 de septiembre de 2015. Revista electrónica de psicología Iztacala, 19(3), 1065-1089.

Gravante, T. y Poma, A. (2017). Protest, emotion and change: an analysis of two women’s collectives fighting against machismo in Oaxaca, Mexico. Interface, 9(1), 204 – 229.

Gravante, T. y Poma, A. (2018). Manejo emocional y acción colectiva: las emociones en la arena de la lucha política. Estudio Sociológico, 36(108), 593-616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24201/es.2018v36n108.1612

Gravante, T. y Poma, A. (2019). Emociones, trauma cultural y movilización social: el movimiento por las víctimas de Ayotzinapa en México. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 27(53), 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18504/pl2753-007-2019

Gravante, T. y Poma, A. (2020). El papel del activismo socioambiental de base en la nueva ola del movimiento climático (2018-2020). Agua y Territorio, 16, 11-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17561/at.16.5109

Gravante, T. y Poma, A. (2023). The Role of Emotions in Grassroots Activism in Mexico City. En O’Dwyer, E., y Gustavo Silva Souza, L. (Ed.), Psychosocial Perspectives on Community Responses to Covid-19: Networks of Trust and Social Change (pp. 15-26). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003301905-3

Groves, J. (1997). Hearts and Minds: The Controversy over Laboratory Animals. Temple University Press.

Guenther, K. M. (2009). The Impact of Emotional Opportunities on the Emotion Cultures of Feminist Organizations. Gender y Society, 23(3), 337–362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243209335412

Hochschild, A. (1975). The sociology of feeling and emotion: selected possibilities. En M. Millman & K. Moss (Ed.), Another voice (pp. 280-307). Anchor.

Hochschild, A. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, (85), 551-575. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/227049

Hochschild, A. (1983). The Managed Heart: the Commercialization of Human Feeling. University of California Press.

Hochschild, A. (1996). Emotional geography versus social policy: The case of family-friendly reforms in the workplace. En Morris, L. y Stina Lyon, E. (Ed.), Gender relations in public and private: New research perspectives (pp. 13-36). Macmillan Press.

Ilouz, E. (2012). Why Love Hurts: A Sociological Explanation. Polity Press.

Incháustegui, T. (2014). Sociología y política del feminicidio; algunas claves interpretativas a partir de caso mexicano. Sociedade e Estado, 29(2), 373-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-69922014000200004

Instituto Mexicano de Derechos Humanos y Democracia IMDHD (2022). Diagnóstico de mujeres desaparecidas. IMDHD.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía INEGI (2020). Violencia contra las mujeres en México. Access from: https://www.inegi.org.mx/tablerosestadisticos/vcmm/

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía INEGI (2021). Panorama nacional sobre la situación de la violencia contra las mujeres. INEGI.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía INEGI (2022). Encuesta Nacional para el Sistema de Cuidados 2022. INEGI.

Jasper, J. M. (1997). The Art Moral of Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. University of Chicago Press.

Jasper, J. M. (1998). The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and Around Social Movements. Sociological Forum, 13(3), 397-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022175308081

Jasper, J. M. (2006). Getting Your Way. University of Chicago Press.

Jasper, J. M. (2011). Emotions and social movements: twenty years of theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, (37), 285-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081309-150015

Jasper, J. M. (2018). The Emotions of Protest. University of Chicago Press.

Krauss, C. (1993). Women and Toxic Waste Protests: Race, Class and Gender as Re-sources of Resistance. Qualitative Sociology, 16 (3), 247-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00990101

Larios, S. (2021). Sentir y Luchar juntas. Análisis de la dimensión emocional de tres organizaciones feministas y antipatriarcales en Guadalajara. PhD Tesis, Universidad de Guadalajara, México.

Larios, S. (2023). Emociones recíprocas y compartidas en el activismo feminista. En Gravante, T. and Poma, A. (Ed.), Emociones y Activismos de base. CEIICH-UNAM.

Martínez, F., y Díaz del Ángel, E. (2021). México: el reto de ser mujer dentro de una estructura patriarcal. Asparkía. Investigación Feminista, (38), 41–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6035/Asparkia.2021.38.3

Muñoz-Saavedra, J. (2019). Una Nueva Ola de Feminista. Más Allá de #MeToo. Irrupción, Legado y Desafíos. En P. Rivera-Vargas, J. Muñoz-Saavedra, R. Morales Olivares, y S. Butendieck-Hijerra (Ed.). Políticas Públicas para la Equidad, vol. II (pp. 177-188). Colección Políticas Públicas.

Poma, A. (2017). Defendiendo territorio y dignidad. Emociones y cambio cultural en luchas contra represas en España y México. EDUEPB/Red WATERLAT-GOBACIT.

Poma, A. (2019). Impacto y manejo emocional en las luchas contra represas. Revista Estudios Avanzados, 31, 4-20. DOI: https://www.redalyc.org/journal/4355/435568236004/html/

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2015). Analyzing resistances from below. A proposal of analysis based on three experiences of struggles against dams in Spain and México. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 26(1), 59-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2014.995688

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2016a). This Struggle Bound Us. “An Analysis of the Emotional Dimension of Protest Based on the Study of Four Grassroots Resistances in Spain and Mexico”. Qualitative Sociology Review, 12(1), 142-161.

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2016b). Environmental self-organized activism: emotion, organization and collective identity in Mexico. InternationalJournal of Sociology and Social Policy, 36, (9/10), 647-661. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-11-2015-0128

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2016c). Las luchas por la defensa del territorio como experiencias emancipadoras. Un análisis de la resistencia contra la presa de San Nicolás, Jalisco México. Desacatos. Revista de Antropología Social, 3(52), 112-127.

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2017a). Emociones, protesta y acción colectiva: estado del arte y avances. Aposta,74, 32-62.

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2017b). Emotions and Empowerment in Collective Action: The Experience of a Women’s Collective in Oaxaca, Mexico, 2006–2017. Emotions: History, Culture, Society, 1(2), 59–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2208522X-00102005

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2017c). Emotions in Inter-Action in Environmental Resistances. The Case of Comité Salvabosque in Mexico. Partecipacione e Conflitto. The Open Journal of Sociopolitical Studies, 10(3), 896-925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v10i3p896

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2018). Emociones, identidad colectiva y estrategias en los conflictos socioambientales. Andamios. Revista de Investigación Social, 15(36), 287-309. 10.29092/uacm.v15i36.611

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2019). “Nunca seremos las mismas de antes”. Emociones y empoderamiento colectivo en los movimientos sociales: el Colectivo Mujer Nueva (Oaxaca, México). Desafíos, 31(2), 231-265. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/desafios/a.7308

Poma, A. y Gravante, T. (2021). Entre frustración y esperanza: emociones en el activismo climático en México. Ciencia Política, 16(31), 117-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/cp.v16n31.97635

Reger, J. (2004). Organizational ‘Emotion Work’ Through Consciousness-Raising: An Analysis of a Feminist Organization. Qualitative Sociology 27(2), 205-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QUAS.0000020693.93609.6c

Reger, J. (2007). Where are the Leaders? Emotional Mobilization in the Contemporary Women’s Movement. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 1350-1369. DOI: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002764207300159

Ramírez, J. C. (2005). Madejas entreveradas. Violencia, masculinidad y poder. Varones que ejercen violencia contra sus parejas. Plaza y Valdés.

Ramírez, J. C. (2020). Hombres, masculinidades, emociones. Universidad de Guadalajara/CONACYT.

Reger, J. (2018). The making of a March. En Reger, J. (Ed.). Nevertheless. They Persisted Feminisms and Continued Resistance in the U.S. Women’s Movement (pp. 1-22). Routledge.

Rovira, G. (2018). El devenir feminista de la acción colectiva: las redes digitales y la política de prefiguración de las multitudes conectadas. Teknokultura 15(2), 223-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/TEKN.59367

Running, S. (2007). The 5 Stages of Climate Grief. Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, 173. Access from: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/ntsg_pubs/173

Summers-Effler, E. (2010). Laughing Saints and Righteous Heroes. Emotional Rhythms in Social Movement Groups. University of Chicago Press.

Taylor, V. (1989). Social Movement Continuity: The Women’s Movement in Abe-yance. American Sociological Review, 54(5), 761-775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2117752

Taylor, V. (1996). Rock-a-by baby: feminism, self-help, and postpartum depression. Routledge.

Taylor, V. (1999). Gender and social movements: gender processes in women’s self-help movements. Gender and Society. 13(1), 8-33. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124399013001002

Taylor, V. (2010). Culture, Identity, and Emotions: Studying Social Movements as if People Really Matter. Mobilization, 15(2), 113-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.15.2.a610145145k43057

Taylor, V. y Leitz, L. (2010). From Infanticide to Activism: Emotions and Identity in Self-Help Movements. En Banaszak-Holl, J., Levitsky, S. y Zald, M. (Ed.), So-cial Movements and the Transformation of American Health Care (pp. 266-284). Oxford University Press.

Taylor, V. y Rupp, L. (1993). Women’s Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Re-consideration of Cultural Feminism. Signs, 19(1), 32-61.

Taylor, V. y Rupp, L. (2002). Loving Internationalism: The Emotion Culture of Trans-national Women’s Organizations, 1888-1945. Mobilization, 7(2), 125-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.7.2.fw3t5032xkq5l62h

Taylor, V. y Whittier, N. (1992). Collective Identity in Social Movement Commu-nities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization. En Morris, A. y McClurg Mueller, C. (Ed.), Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (pp. 104–129). Yale University Press.

Taylor, V. y Whittier, N. (1995). Analytical approaches to social movement culture: The culture of the women’s movement. En Johnston, H. y Klandermans, B. (Ed.), So-cial Movements and Culture (pp. 163-187). University of Minnesota Press.

Ventura, M. (2022). Women’s Movements Against VAW and Feminicide: How Community-Based Feminisms Build Worlds Otherwise from the Periphery of Mexico City. Partecipazione e Conflitto, 15(1), 240-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v15i1p240

Whittier, N. (2001). Emotional strategies: the collective reconstruction and display of oppositional emotions in the movement against child sexual abuse. En Goodwin, J., Jasper, J. M. y F. Polletta (Ed.), Passionate politics: emotions and social movements(pp. 233-250). University of Chicago Press.

Whittier, N. (2021). How emotions shape feminist coalitions. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 28(3), 369–386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13505068211029682

Zamudio, A. (2023). La obligación moral en el activismo en contra a la violencia ha-cia las mujeres. En Gravante, T. y Poma, A. (Ed.), Emociones y Activismos de base. CEIICH-UNAM